The “Win-Win-Win Papakonstantinidis Model”: from Social Welfare’s Philosophy towards a Rural Development Concept by Rural Tourism Approach: The WERT Case Study

The article is dealing with two interconnected problems based on the conjectures: a) social welfare is a condition for rural development and not the prerequisite for it; b) shape a new landscape (the “win-win-win”) based on critique of the “Impossibility Theorem (Kenneth Arrow 1951) through the Nash Bargaining Solution (Nash, John 1950). Specifically, this article discusses and analyses social welfare and rural development objectives integrating elements from the impossibility theorem, the bargaining theory, and the theory of agency by (a) reviewing the literature on coordination “social welfare” and “rural development” (b) reversing the focus from “voting” to “bargaining” and (c) underlining that Social choice is the perquisite of social welfare, using the “win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model’s solution as the bridge between “voting”(Arrow) and “bargaining”(proposal). This solution highlights the Role of Rural Community as an “Aggregation” corresponding to its “sensitization process”.


Introduction
There are two different schools of economic thoughts. The first one refers that: "Bigger Pie, bigger pieces" and the second refers that "Justice and equality of distributing the common wealth now, development after". Otherwise, the first one refers to "Development first" (coming from a free market rules) and the other refers to "fair distribution of existing wealth" (social vs) "Development first". Theories were important during the previous centuries but not nowadays: the "Wealth of Nations" has been accumulated in a few only people and this is not correct. The Classical School of Thought (mainly expressed by (Smith Adam, 1776), (Ricardo David, 1817) (Marx Karl, 1867), (Mill John Stuart, 1806) put the focus on the free market and full competition. Their attempt concerned on "how competition could be fairer". They believed that the free market could correct any deviation from perfect competition that would lead to economic and social disparities. Even Marx based his theory on the critique of the capitalist system. Their thoughts influenced all the subsequent economists.
INTERNET ARCHIVES (160e) of (wisely means being someone acts with decency and tranquility» 159b.) In "Critias," work" also Plato introduces the syllogism of "…something that is so nice and useful, and actions are the construction of these projects. And when he says that the wise must do 'whatever the terms' means what is familiar. But after talking to someone wise, their will be well (ERANISTIS ", April 30, 2015). According to Epicurus 341-270 BC (INTERNET ARCHIVES) For Epicurus, the purpose of philosophy was to attain the happy, tranquil life, characterized by "ataeaxia" -peace and freedom from fear-and "aponia"-the absence of pain-and by living a self-sufficient life surrounded by friends. He taught that pleasure and pain are measures of what is good and evil; "Good" means pleasure and is morally legitimate: we must seek, if an instrument to ensure our hedonic top condition, Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E)

Nicomachean Ethics
(350 B.C.E): Aristotle argues that the correct approach for studying such controversial subjects as Ethics or Politics, Taking this approach, Aristotle begins by saying that the highest "Good" (as Utility) for humans, the highest aim of all human practical thinking, is eudaimonia, a Greek word often translated as well-being or happiness. Aristotle argues that happiness is properly understood as an ongoing and stable dynamic, a way of being in action (energeia), specifically appropriate to the human "soul" (psuchē), at its most "excellent" or virtuous (virtue translates aretē in Greek). If there are several virtues then the best and most complete or perfect of them will be the happiest one. An excellent human will be a person good at living life, who does it well and beautifully ("kalos"-a good person) Hobbes 1588 -1679) His basic book "Leviathan" (Hobbes 1651.) established the "Social Contract" theory(as GOOD), promoting the foundation of most later Western political philosophy creates a trick, the Leviathan, the "Kratos" ethic-see at "Leviathan, 1651) Hobbes referred to the moral law as pointed out the case of selfishness and ethos of survival.
Immanuel Kant, (1724Kant, ( -1804 gives the "moral philosophy" the concept of ethics and duty, as well as negotiating the autonomy of reasoning (reason). The concept of "utility" refers to the evolution of Moral Philosophy from the Humanism until Critics (16th-18th Century). The basic principle of utility is the "good" as that which produces the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain and "bad is that it produces more pain and no pleasure.
Adam Smith (1723-1790) an important theme that persists throughout the work is the idea that the economic system is automatic, and, when left with substantial freedom, able to regulate itself. This is often referred to as the invisible hand." The ability to self-regulate and to ensure maximum efficiency, however, is threatened by monopolies, tax preferences, lobbying groups, and other "privileges" J.J Rousseau (1712 -2 July 1778) The stated aim of The Social Contract is to determine whether there can be a legitimate political authority, since people's interactions he saw at his time seemed to put them in a state far worse than the good one they were at in the state of Nature even though living in isolation.
John Stuart Mill 1806 -1873) "…limits of the state action: while the questions of the production of wealth were answerable independent of human law and custom, the distribution of wealth was determined by the State Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marx proposes (1867), that the motivating force of capitalism is in the exploitation of labour, whose unpaid work is the ultimate source of surplus value. The owner of the means of production is able to claim the right to this surplus value because he or she is legally protected by the ruling regime, Marx aimed to reveal the economic patterns underpinning

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the capitalist mode of production, in contrast to classical political economist His theory had an extremely influence all over the world Jeremy Bentham 1748 -1832) in his study (1780/1789) focuses on "principles" of the utility, and how this aspect of moral ties with legislative practice. The basic principle of utility is the "good" as that which produces the greatest amount of pleasure and the least amount of pain and "bad is that it produces more pain and no pleasure Daniel Bernoulli (1700 -1782) He introduced (Bernoulli D retr,1954) the concept of "expected utility", which served as the basis in theory "zero sum two players game "developed by von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944) dominated as a descriptive model of economic behavior and how people make decisions under uncertainty From these philosophical origins arise the three key concepts of this article: Morality Descriptive definition:" might take it to refer to the most important code of conduct put forward by a society and accepted by the members of that society. But the existence of large and heterogeneous societies raises conceptual problems for such a descriptive definition, since there may not be any such society-wide code that is regarded as most important. (E.P. Thompson 1957) As a result, a definition might be offered in which "morality" refers to the most important code of conduct put forward and accepted by any group.
Utilitarianism (Jeremy Bentham 1780/1789) is normative moral theory according to which our actions must aim to be the largest in the benefit possible for the largest as possible number of people.
Aggregation (Franklin M. Fisher 1987) is one of the fundamental features of utilitarianism and other forms of axiological theories, permitting the trade-off of morally relevant factors between different individuals. Problem concerning the moral relevance of the number of individuals in our moral reasoning The result is a new theoretical framework that can satisfy the demands of both defenders and critics of conventional form of aggregation "Utilitarianism", "Ethics" and "Moral Aggregation" are the fundamental meanings, on which this article is based on and concerns the future of human societies, through the closer form of socialism Future Societies may be very much affected by the understanding of and feelings towards the new concept of world socialists, since it has always been their faith that socialism was not only economically practicable but was also intensely desirable; that is, that socialist society would revolutionize human relationships, replacing respect for property by respect for man, and replacing the acquisitive society by the common weal. It was assumed that all forms of human oppression were rooted, ultimately, in the economic oppression arising from the private ownership of the means of production; and that once these were socialized, the ending of other oppressions would rapidly ensue. ( Thompson E.P. 1957)

Practical Side: Rural Development
Rural Local Development -based on "sustainable development, environmental protection and social cohesion -which has emerged since the middle of the 1990ies can be characterised as follows (  European policy (EURDOC, 2015-2020) for rural development is currently based on Local Standard": The scenarios on the Future of Manufacturing in Europe 2015-2020 (FutMan) highlight important trends, possible trend-breaks, critical challenges and opportunities and present four possible visions of manufacturing in Europe in 2015-2020. The scenarios aim to map the space for developments in the coming years based on the personal views and judgments of the expert group involved in the scenario building exercise. The FutMan scenarios should be used as a tool to stimulate strategic thinking about policy options in order to be prepared for the manufacturing challenges ahead.
Besides: (a) from the development side (Wilkinson Kenneth 1991) focuses on the endogenous local development process / "bottom-up approach" (bargain, locally) 2nd, Friedman / Weaver -UCLA (1978) in their classic "Territory and Function" focused in the local development as an "ideology" , emphasizing in the endogenous local development; and (b) from the pure Sociological side (Coleman, 1988) as "Social Capital" describes the cooperation processes of individuals, which minimize possible dilemma, coming from individuals', networks and common actions. Putnam (2000) describes social capital as the basis of social schemes creation (i.e. networks). Emphasis is given to the endogenous force's (Garofoli and Latella, 1989) and (Stöhr W, 1986) SOCIAL CHOICE SOCIAL FUNCTION SOCIAL WELFARE

The Concept: Rural Development by the "Sensitization Process"
Rural Development by the Sensitization Process: We try a "Liaison of Social Welfare" with "Rural Development", by transferring the "focus" from voting to bargaining through the sensitization Process (by which, is been argued that COMMUNITY implements its intermediation role between (A-B): We focus on the sensitization process (or the 3rd part of any bargain between 2), towards welfare as the reaction to given information,. In its main version, based on the "bottom-up" approach, the local "team-psychology" creation and the local people's motivation, towards developing their place, then, : a "new" behavior may be resulted, such as each of the three rural tourism parts [local People, local Authorities and tourism services Consumers (P.A.C)] to win according to the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model. (Papakonstantinidis LA, 2013).
Since the end of 90s, we applied a typical PAC concept based on S.H.I.E.L.D model (Papakonstantinidis, 1997) which was the forerunner of the "win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model in the rural development process thus creating the conditions for "building up" the "Local Standard" for small rural communities.  3. Policy planning must be structured on the trigocal layout "market-behavior-knowledge" (Papakonstantinidis, 2004).among 3 local power's poles (PAC), in the frame of bargaining best response (Spais, G. and Papakonstantinidis, L. 2012); 4. Each of them (PAC) is "Buyer" and "Seller" of the same need (tourism) on the others, simultaneously each side, seeks to maximize its profit (different view) (Spais, G., Papakonstantinidis, L. and Papakonstantinidis, S. 2009); Math: An Approach Elements of Bargaining Problem: The two-person bargaining problem is a problem of understanding how two agents should cooperate when non-cooperation leads to Paretoinefficient results. It is in essence an equilibrium selection problem; many games have multiple equilibria with varying payoffs for each player, forcing the players to negotiate on which equilibrium to target. Solutions to bargaining come in two flavors: an axiomatic approach where desired properties of a solution are satisfied and a strategic approach where the bargaining procedure is modelled in detail as a sequential game (Nash, 1950 (Nash, 1950) that the solutions satisfying these axioms are exactly the points (x, y) which maximize the following expression:

Papakonstantinidis L.A
Where, u and v are the utility functions of Player 1 and Player 2, respectively, and d is a disagreement outcome. That is, players act as if they seek to maximize , where u(d) and v(d) are the status quo utilities.

Utility Function: Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns (or Costs)
We start from an economic-math principle: the law of diminishing marginal returns goes by a number of different names, including law of diminishing returns, principle of diminishing marginal productivity and law of variable proportions. This law affirms that the addition of a larger amount of one factor of production, while all others remain constant, identified by the Latin term "ceteris paribus," inevitably yields decreased per-unit incremental returns. Two "concepts" for the utility: As each tries to maximize his/her own utility function (the "personal ordinal", not been measured as the cardinal) knows that more and more quantities over a point that he/she maximizes his/her satisfaction in personal terms, the less satisfaction from these more and more quantities. The derivative of a function of a real variable measures the sensitivity to change of a quantity (a function value or dependent variable) which is determined by another quantity (the independent variable). Derivatives are a fundamental tool of calculus.
From this "RULE" a crucial condition happens: The "win-win-win Equilibrium" From the two graphs above, and the "Pareto Efficiency" conditions is resulted that the "utility functions" follows the law of diminishing marginal returns, The law of diminishing marginal returns, includes the marginal productivity and law of variable proportions (Turgot (1727-1781)

Probability Rule
To take inter consideration, the uncertainty of the outcomes of Von Neumann and Morgenstern joint work (Neumann, John von and Morgenstern, Oskar 1946) addressed situations in which the outcomes of choices are not known with certainty, but have probabilities attached to them. A notation for a lottery is as follows: if options A and B have probability p and 1 − p in the lottery, we write it as a linear combination:

The Principal-Agent Problem
The principal-agent problem (Jensen and Meckling 1976 ) develops when a principal creates an environment in which an agent's incentives don't align with its own. Generally, the onus is on the principal to create incentives for the agent to ensure they act as the principal wants. This includes everything from financial incentives to avoidance of information asymmetry (Definition from Investopedia) Community as subject of the Principal-Agent Problem & Aggregation Morality: Solving The Principal-Agent "Win-Win-Win" Problem, "C" the 3rd part a new view is under investigation concerned the "satisfaction level, not only for bargainers, but also for the Community (potential revenues, coming from selling "State Bargaining Services (SBS) , toward the bargainers: Let's  a commonly acceptable level of citizens' satisfaction coming from a mix of policies, (state services packages) with more, (little above the Average), ie education or health measures, or policies for protecting the bargaining weak players coming from a bargain with rational players and also depending on the cultural specificities of each country-state and i.e with quality q . Then the welfare or utility, from community intervention in any 2-persons bargain, by its "State Bargaining Services (SBS) is of this agent, defined here by a is: represents the cost of "producing" state bargaining and safety state services, of a quality m q  , then the utility of the principal (defined here by can be viewed as the profit that the State (the Community, with its Services) makes in "selling" the safety and its services, to the Citizens in negotiations with another or with quality m q  to the CITIZEN with, a "level of accepted state /political bargaining services"  Since the goal of the owner is to make more profit, then he tries to anticipate the customers' choices so that each customer reveals his taste by choosing the food that is targeted for him. Therefore, the principal's (CITIZEN) utility ) ( p U is subject to some constraints, called incentive compatible constraints, meaning that the CITIZENS are given incentive to reveal their real accepted level of "bargaining State services" Mathematically, the incentive compatible constraints can be represented as So, the principal-agent problem, or, CITIZEN-State (Community) problem, especially, as for state services quality level, can be formulated as follows:

Conclusions
The win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model is (a) a methodological tool for conflict resolution, especially in the case of decision-making, (b) a "path" to social justice, (c) the basic process for sensitizing local population on the development, around a local "flag theme" (d) a way to "feel free" through involvement in the development process (e) to develop "new" bargaining behavior The "win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model" is a "tool of consent" useful in socio-economic human relations It is focused on "transferring the "voting perception (Arrow, 1951) from a single individual choice, in the «bargaining multiple decision making, thus taking into consideration the "Community Profit" (The 3rd part so a "peer-pressure perception" Bargainers A-B and the Community as a whole (the "C" Factor), or as "a Moral Aggregation" Special regard is given to regional and local development field both as a regional and social sciences (as above) I tried to identify the "win-win-win" as a key tool for the approach to social welfare by clicking on the incompatibility of five basic theorems that define it -each one of its own side-either positive (justice theorem ) or negative (the impossibility theorem) The suggested "win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model" is built up on a number of incompatibilities, in particular as regards the pairs" Pareto efficiency -Impossibility Theorem" "paradox liberty (Amartya Sen) -Pareto Efficiency" , "Theorem of Justice -Pareto Efficiency" and (the most important) "the Theorem of incompleteness-the Impossibility Theorem" Win-win-win: from the behavior side, According to Spais ) the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model is a methodological tool for conflict resolution, especially in the case of decision-making, or in forming "instant reflection winning strategies" in the bargain (which is the frame From the other, "sensitization" may be concerned as a marginal-additional information, thus changed the 3 parts' imperfect information, into a complete information as Harsanyi's conditional probabilities claims.
The win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model is a methodological tool for conflict resolution, in and during the bargain It deals with local development, both as a regional and social scientific field It proves that building social capital at local level mainly depends on "social trust links" among local people: Social cohesion based on social capital may be measured by the diversification Rate from strict globalization rules: It introduces senses as local identity, including communication code, customs, ethics, culture. The "win-win-win Papakonstantinidis Model" should facilitate local people to "readjust" bargaining globalization rules locally, through a sensitization process: Community -as a discrete spatial / cultural entity-is defined as the limit of its sensitization process Finally it is a method of "measurement" the social welfare development levels : Starting from the "win-win-win" equilibrium (the absolute welfare/happiness, or "development") one can measure the % from the "grades of deviation from the "win-win-win equilibrium" "Social welfare" exists and can coexist with the capitalist economic model, if and only if it will be based on the contradiction of the relevant literature, thus leading in a 3-polar "contract" among all parties, including the Community (The Intermediate Community-the "C" factor), in a 3-dimensional space. If it is true, then it will be feasible a social welfare policy in a new world that will not resemble the current (centralized structure)

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Papakonstantinidis conjectures: "At any bargain between two, each one of the 2 bargainers represents the whole of the community and (at the same time) him/her self interest From the other side, Community may be concerned as an aggregate entity that participates in a political game, towards "social welfare". (officially, at least) People have by nature, a strong trend to cooperate each-other. From this point of view, "a winwin-win situation may be possible if and only if the human mind (as expressed in terms of interaction), is built to accept this situation (the universal cooperation) bargainers think double, as separate rational units AND as "the COMMUNITY" Creg Tovey, 2016) The problem of interaction in a bargain is transferred from the negotiators' intentions into share's distribution in a possible solution by agreement. People want to cooperate , but in the depth of their mind seek such an agreement that will give them shares such that to maximize the satisfaction of personal needs. This point is very important for our work : Social welfare is the product of "ordinal" (and not cardinal) individual/personal utilities (to maximize the satisfaction of personal needs or else, there is nothing to be added such as to increase personal or individual satisfaction (MRS=0)

Proposal-Bridge Between Theoretical Welfare and Practical Rural Development
The Implementation of rural development, of a small-mainly-rural community, has as a perquisite the community's "sensitization process" around a "flag theme" "Sensitization process", thus could be a new form of "information" coming from a 3-pole bargaining (A,B bargainers AND the "Community" as the third pole in the same bargain) By this way, "sensitization" is the "tool" for achieving the "win-win-win bargaining equilibrium": the bargaining situation in which the three parts (Bargainers A-B and the "Community" win (ideal case) On that ideal point of a bargaining situation, all three parties (A-B-"C") have not any possibility to improve their own situation from any relocation of sources , (Pareto Efficiency, Pareto Optimality) Sensitization process is the outer characteristic by whish community implements its role as the 3rd part in a bargain between 2. So, it is the sensitization process (or else the implementation of its role as 3rd part, or else 'social welfare') in order to succeed rural tourism it a spiral process quite different from past experience: Firstly social welfare and then the development That means, a faired wealth allocation for achieving better conditions for development, or even "rural development. Especially in rural development spiral process, that is absolutely necessary.

Final Conclusions -Proposal
Coming from the above mentioned, it is resulted that a "social welfare concept" is feasible: "the win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model" is launched as a tool for transferring the "economic focus" from "individuality" to "cooperation", and even more to "Moral Aggregation" , through the bargaining rules, with the "Community" (village, State, parish, Culture, Values etc) to "participate" in any negotiation between 2 (A-B), as a discrete entity, in a peer-pressure process This process is able to reform the 'socialism" in a more efficient result, taking into account both the "Pareto Optimality criterion" and the Principal-Agent Theory by the bargain If these conditions will be sure then the "aggregating social welfare" will be in a position to operate as incentive for rural development. Community as "a "Moral Aggregation, which participates in a political game" (Creg Tovey, 2016) is in the focus In terms of "Rural Development" Community Aggregation" has its practical characteristic of the "sensitization process" at local level (mainly in isolated rural communities) around the "flag theme" which is a "open theme, discussed at local level", and focusing in rural development Rural Development -Social Welfare are given as a two form of Limits

A Rural Tourism Case
The WERT: "Women Entrepreneurs Rural Tourism" European Project. The Women Entrepreneurs in Rural Tourism' project (WERT) is a collaborative partnership between eight training institutions and networks from six countries across Europe (DESTI NET, 2012). From the Greek side, "PRISMA Development Studies S.A" with a very important contribution in the rural development in Greece, was the WERT partner The project is supported by the European Union through the Leonardo da Vinci programme, aimed at improving the vocational education systems of Europe. The project aims to meet the needs and build the skills of women entrepreneurs involved in rural tourism and crafts and to improve the quality of training provided by the vocational education sector. The WERT training programme developed within this pilot initiative is aimed to help the following groups: (1) women entrepreneurs involved in rural tourism, crafts and food production; (2) women who wish to enter the sector in order to become economically active and independent; (3) vocational training providers to help women entrepreneurs develop the required business skills e.g. Management, Information Technology and Marketing. The WERT training course help women entrepreneurs across Europe to build new skills and jobs in rural economies During the period March-June 2012, twenty two (22) women candidate entrepreneurs in Rural Tourism in a small Greek village, "Rovies" (Evia Island, Middle Greece) were trained on how it should be possible to work together in the rural tourism. I was invited by the PRISMA Development Studies SA to work as trainer, in Rovies-Evia Isle. During the 3-months training, I had the chance to develop the "win-win-win Papakonstantinidis model" as methodological tool for producing the conditions of closer collaboration among them. After training, the 22 women established a rural tourism cooperative, covering not only "accommodation", but also "local food and sweets", "cultural activities", swimming/climbing activities etc. After training, the 22 women established a rural tourism cooperative, covering not only "accommodation", but also "local food and sweets", "cultural activities", swimming/climbing activities etc. so that they have obtained a higher income (2012). The success of the Agricultural Co Rovies of Evia, mobilized the entire endogenous potential of the village, involving residents in the development process. In its final evaluation in Crete (Greece), WERT evaluated the experiment as a successful one because it led in the creation of Women Cooperative. The project leader of the WERT Dr Rosaleen Courtney Planning and Development (Norton Radstock College South Hill Park Radstock BA3 3RW UK) asked from me the "Power Point" copy to include it in the educational material WERT (e-school training). This material is now presented simultaneously to all actors involved in the educational process WERT.