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International Journal of Management Science and Business Administration
Volume 4, Issue 4, May 2018, Pages 18-27

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Structure of the Variables that Affect Job Satisfaction Study in Cuban Organizations

DOI: 10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.44.1002
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijmsba.1849-5664-5419.2014.44.1002

¹ Margarita de Miguel-Guzmán, ² Alexander Sánchez-Rodríguez,
³ Reyner Pérez-Campdesuñer,
⁴ Gelmar García-Vidal, ⁵ Rodobaldo Martínez-Vivar

^{1 2 3 4 5} Faculty of Administrative Sciences, Universidad Tecnológica Equinoccial,
campus Santo Domingo, Ecuador

Abstract: This paper aims to establish a model of structural equations that summarizes the degree of incidence of variables related to job satisfaction in organizations. It starts from the identification of the variables to analyze according to the literature on the subject and those that were corroborated through the consultation of experts, later proceed to the construction of instruments for their measurement and application of these to 4,235 employees in 150 entities from different productive sectors. With the results obtained in the surveys, a confirmatory factor analysis was developed, which verified the incidence of the variables evaluated in the work satisfaction and later proceeded to the construction of the model. The model obtained shows the relationship between the different variables that affect job satisfaction and confirming its multifactorial character as a construct. The data that facilitated the generation of the model allow to establish a logic of management of the job satisfaction from managing in an integrated way the latent variables that condition them, ensuring their correct management, such as: the design of work content, working conditions, interpersonal relationships with peers in general and with managers in particular, policies and methods of stimulation and the group work. job satisfaction

Keywords: Job satisfaction, Cuban organizations, Model of structural equations

Structure of the Variables that Affect Job Satisfaction Study in Cuban Organizations

1. Introduction

The studies of job satisfaction (JS) are as old as they are different (1976, quoted by Alegre, Mas-Machuca and Berbegal-Mirabent, 2016), which is analyzed by varied sciences like Psychology and Organizational management. For this reason, among others, the variety of research on the subject is abundant. In some investigations they conceive it as an end, placing man in the center of attention (Park, Seo, Park, Bettini, and Smith, 2016). Others, as a means to impact on performance indicators, such as: Productivity, quality service, organizational commitment, staff turnover and absenteeism; where it is assumed as a general hypothesis that satisfied workers have greater commitment and create the conditions to raise quality, customer satisfaction and productivity and decrease staff turnover and absenteeism (Chen, Sparrow, and Cooper, 2016; Alvarez-García, Del Río-Rama, Saraiva, and Ramos-Pires, 2016; Amasonah, Gamor, Deri, and Amissah, 2016; Jafari Navimipour and Soltani, 2016; Chiang and Lin, 2016; Hsu and Liao, 2016; Amponsah-Tawiah, Annor, and Arthur, 2016; Hsu and Liao, 2016).Several investigations, on the other hand, seek to identify or understand which variables influence JS and how they interact (Alegre, et al., 2016; Amponsah-Tawiah, et al., 2016), while others seek to measure or evaluate the level of JS (Chang and Cheng, 2014; Row, Paik, Griffeth, and Allen, 2014; Macintosh and Krush, 2014; Spagnoli, Caetano, and Santos, 2012). This research aims to know, under an integral conception, what variables are involved in JS, and the extent to which they interrelate with each other. job satisfaction

2. Literature Review

According to Locke (1976): “…JS is a pleasant or positive emotional state resulting from the valuation of work or job experiences…”, cited by Alegre et al. (2016, p.1). Mihalic (cited in Álvarez-García, Del Río-Rama, Saraiva and Ramos-Pires, 2016) also defines job satisfaction as: “…something pleasant or positive, resulting from the perception of work, conception and evaluation of the work environment, job experiences and a perception of all elements of work and the workplace…”, Pires (p. 3). Several concepts of this theme are presented by Amissah et al. (2016) in which it is clear that in spite of the variety and common or conflicting points of view, they all result in ideas similar to those set forth by Locke (1976). These authors conclude and accept the idea that JS is not influenced by the same factors in all organizations, and that the variables to study and measure it must change from one organization to another. job satisfaction

In general, research on the subject presents a partial view of JS frequently focusing on the influence of a limited group of variables; observing the existence of five groups related to the content of work, working conditions, group work, the reward system and general variables that are associated with workers welfare conditions. These are not necessarily directly related to the organization or its way of operating but that affect the SL.In the group of variables related to the work content, researchers like Hsu and Liao (2016) emphasize the incidence of variables related to this aspect, considering variables such as the variety of skills, personal autonomy, task identity and the importance of the task, and the feedback of work that favors learning. job satisfaction

The working conditions, safety, and spirituality that must be ensured in the workplace are evaluated by researchers such as Beehner and Blackwell (2016), Consiglio, Borgogni, Di Tecco, and Schaufeli (2016). In this sense, specific analyzes have been developed like the incidence of non-territorial work in JS (Kim, Candido, Thomas, and de Dear, 2016). In terms of interpersonal relationships or group work, it was found leadership style analyzes, empowerment of workers, participation in decision-making, where positive relationships have generally been observed (Chiang and Lin, 2016; Edú-Valsania, Moriano, and Molero, 2016; Lee, Kim, and Perdue, 2016; Kim, Knutson, and Choi, 2016). For their part, Kanyurhi and Bugandwa Mungu Akonkwa (2016) analyze as conditioning variables: leadership, organizational structure, relationship with boss, supervisors and colleagues and the work itself. job satisfaction

In the same way, the incidence of the variables related to the reward of employees in JS has been deepened, with general investigations in this area like Baule and Soost (2016) and Miller et al (2016). Further research is focused on the development of concrete rewards schemes and the incidence of hierarchy in the organization as a form of reward (Ogwueleka and Maritz, 2016; Otto and Bolle, 2016). There are more particular studies that delve into specific variables within reward forms such as the effects of equity, stimulation methods and perception of payment system (Oxley and Pandher, 2016; Park and Sturman, 2016; Sieweke, Köllner, and Süß, 2016; Wickramasinghe and Wickramasinghe, 2016). job satisfaction

Welfare conditions are analyzed by Park et al. (2016), who introduced in the study variables that are exogenous to the organization such as personal experiences, vocational preparation, and satisfaction with life in general, but limit the study to a very particular field: people with disabilities. Similarly, Hu and Ho (2016) argue that a family-friendly environment favors JS.

There is another group of researchers (Alegre et al., 2016) who analyze variables from different groups in a mixed way, although they exclude variables of considerable importance, such as those who deepen the incidence of work organization, relationships with co-workers and supervisors, group work, personal autonomy and mastery of the strategy. Also, the research of Amissah et al. (2016) presents a particular analysis of the hotel industry and proposes to evaluate the following variables: salary, promotion, supervision, training, work content. Siengthai and Pila-Ngarm (2016) present a fairly general view of the study by identifying variables such as Possibilities for development, achievement and recognition, salary, relationships with supervisors and co-workers, status, participation in decision-making, working conditions and some welfare conditions, but their greater emphasis is on the variables related to the work content like personal autonomy, task identification, variety of skills, meaning of tasks and feedback. Another integral vision of the analysis is the one made by Álvarez Santos (2106), who proposes the integration of all variables treated in the literature but does not delve into whether they affect JS in general.

Similarly, in the previous literature, the techniques used to delve into JS are varied. For example, Baldschun, Töttö, Hämäläinen, and Salo (2016) perform a factorial analysis to demonstrate the multifactor nature of the construct studied, an idea to which are also added Kanyurhi and Bugandwa Mungu Akonkwa (2016). Lee et al. (2016) use cluster analysis to relay results consistent with the previous ones. In this sense, Alegre et al. (2016) present a mixture of models of structural equations with fuzzy set analysis and also use the structural equations analysis of Álvarez-García et al. (2016), Hsu and Liao (2016) and Park et al. (2016). job satisfaction

3. Methodology

3.1 Selection of the Variables That Condition the JS

In order to establish the study variables, the variables analyzed in the literature were reviewed and classified, which were submitted to the evaluation of a group of experts (11 university professors with PhD degrees related to business management who have carried out studies on this subject and have at least more than 12 years of research experience) were chosen, according to their competence coefficient, showing competences higher than 0.84. The initial review of the literature evidenced the existence of 33 variables with some degree of incidence in the JS, and the evaluation of the experts led to reducing the listing to 25, as shown in Table 1. It was included the variables selected by al less than 75% of experts. job satisfaction

Table 1: Summary of variables to be analyzed.

Variables	Description
Sufficiency	Perception that the salary reaches to satisfy basic needs
Correspondence	Salary corresponds to what the worker is
Linking	Salary corresponds to what the worker does
Equity	Salaries are proportional to contributions
Perception	It is understood the stimulation system
Recognition	Moral acknowledgments are developed for the contributions
Variety	Work demands a variety of skills
Identity	The individual contribution is recognized in the final product
Social meaning	Society recognizes the importance of work
Autonomy	Decisions can be made in the workplace
Feedback	The work shows the extent to which progress is made
Cohesion	There is unity among the members of the working group
Attraction	There is a desire to belong to the group
Relationships	There are good relationships between group members
Participation	Participation in group decision-making is allowed
Leadership	Boss style is accepted
Esthetic	Aesthetics is perceived in the place
Technical Material Assurance	There are technical material conditions for the work
Security	The job is safe
Hygiene	There is hygiene in the premises and jobs
Personal development	Work promotes personal development
Ergonomics	The design of the workstation is ergonomic
Supporting services	The entity offers support services to workers
Employment Security	The worker considers having job security
Attention to life	The entity offers additional conditions favorable to the life of the worker and his family

3.2 Design of the Method of Evaluation of the Variables

A survey was designed to know the state of the 25 variables chosen in the entities studied. A question was asked to assess the overall satisfaction of the entity. In all cases, the variables should be evaluated using a Likert scale from 1 to 5 (from “totally unsatisfied” to “totally satisfied”).

3.3 Sample Definition

The survey was applied to a varied group of representative organizations from different sectors, with a variety of years of founding and size of the organization, as shown in Table 2. Within the organizations a non-sampling was applied probabilistic for stratified convenience, covering 30% of workers and ensuring representation of the different occupational categories (operators, services, technical and administrative staff and managers), which generated a total sample size of 4,235 respondents. job satisfaction

Table 2: Composition of the sample.

Characterization of the sample by an organization
Type of organization			Quantity	Type of organization			Quantity
Companies providing personal services			12	Restaurants			15
				Hotels			14
Computer companies			3	Small business			35
Business service companies			13	Hand invoice Companies			21
Public transport companies			4	Construction companies			9
Freight transport companies			3	Agricultural companies			13
Universities			3	Hospitals			5
Characterization of the sample by respondents
Sex	Male	2 317 (54.7%)		Age	≤30 years	986 (23.2%)
	Female	1 918 (45.3%)			30-50 years	2021 (47.7 %)
					51-65 years	1228 (29%)
Category	Operators	1451 (34.7%)		Years of experience	≤ 5 years	1278 (30.2%)
	Services	1166 (27.6%)			5 – 10 years	2458 (58%)
	Technicians and Administrative	1224 (28.9%)			10 ≥ years	499 (11.8%)
	Managers	394 (9.3%)

3.4 Analysis of the Relationship between the Variables and Their Influence on the JS

With the information collected, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed in order to verify the existence of a construct that would explain the relationship of the variables under study. Likewise, the existence of dimensions and the reliability of the scales used were evaluated. The SPSS 23 statistical package was used to establish the factorial structure of the set of observed variables, allowing to evaluate if there is a relationship between the observed variables and the existence of underlying latent constructs (Aktepe, Ersöz, and Toklu, 2015; Kesari and Atulkar, Schumacher and Lomax, 1996). job satisfaction

3.5 Structural Equation Modeling

Structural equations model (SEM) is used to find the structural relationships between the latent variables (Aktepe et al. 2015, Kesari and Atulkar, 2016). For the construction of the model the SPSS AMOS 23 was used. From the identification and estimation of the model, the degree of fit of the data to the proposed model is analyzed following three alternatives: evaluation of the fit of the global model, evaluation of the fit of the model of measurement and evaluation of the adjustment of the structural model (Salgado Beltrán, 2009). The existence of statistical procedures that allow differentiating between observable and latent variables justifies the application of the structural equations model since it allows to test theoretical models with empirical data. The proposed model is presented in Figure 1. job satisfaction

Figure 1. Proposed initial model.

3.6 Evaluation of the Model

To determine the validity of the analyzed model, the indicators used for this purpose will be used, as shown in Table 3.

Table 3: Indicators for the validation of the generated model.

Indicators	Acronym	Contrast Value
Chi-square value/ degrees of freedom	CMIN/DF	< 3 – Good
Probability level associated to Chi-square value	Probability level	> 0.05 – Significant
Comparative Fit Index	CFI	> 0.95 – Great
Goodness of Fit Index	GFI	> 0.95 – Excellent > 0.90 – Traditional > 0.80 – Permissible
Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index	AGFI	> 0.80 – Acceptable
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation	RMSEA	< 0.05 – Good 0.05 to 0.10 – Moderate
Probability of Close Fit	PCLOSE	> 0.05 – Significant

4. Results

With the application of the instruments in the organizations research objects it was possible to perform a CFA, which was valid when a KMO coefficient of 0.901 was observed, a general value of explained variance of 78.21 and the Bartlett sphericity test was highly significant, confirming the existence of five dimensions that group a total of 25 variables that influence the overall satisfaction. In addition, reliability was evaluated, obtaining a Cronbach’s alpha in all instruments above 0.822 (Table 4). job satisfaction

Table 4: Latent variables found in the factor analysis.

	Latent variables
	Working conditions	Working team	Content of work	Stimulation	Welfare conditions
Sufficiency	0.023	0.046	0.158	0.761	0.042
Correspondence	-0.035	0.046	0.084	0.775	-0.082
Linking	-0.045	0.034	0.012	0.822	-0.021
Equity	-0.079	-0.017	0.003	0.790	-0.089
Perception	-0.062	0.121	0.194	0.720	-0.042
Recognition	0.000	0.074	0.110	0.757	0.027
Variety	0.003	0.245	0.715	0.114	-0.031
Identity	0.041	0.246	0.810	0.160	-0.075
Social meaning	-0.058	0.192	0.808	0.149	0.001
Autonomy	0.056	0.220	0.785	0.126	-0.013
Feedback	-0.007	0.244	0.735	0.018	0.002
Cohesion	-0.034	0.897	0.237	0.106	-0.037
Attraction	-0.061	0.887	0.303	0.067	-0.025
Relationships	-0.014	0.889	0.274	0.049	-0.084
Participation	-0.011	0.903	0.270	0.047	-0.064
Leadership	-0.067	0.882	0.292	0.075	-0.096
Esthetic	0.899	-0.031	-0.026	-0.040	-0.013
Technical Material Assurance	0.900	-0.018	0.029	-0.036	-0.027
Security	0.987	-0.037	0.007	-0.043	-0.017
Hygiene	0.987	-0.038	0.005	-0.045	-0.016
Personal development	-0.021	-0.071	-0.035	-0.049	0.979
Ergonomics	0.987	-0.037	0.006	-0.045	-0.016
Supporting services	-0.018	-0.074	-0.041	-0.030	0.946
Employment Security	-0.031	-0.053	-0.039	-0.047	0.943
Attention to life	-0.016	-0.051	-0.031	-0.035	0.933

Note: Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization.
job satisfaction
As can be seen, the latent variables found to correspond to those analyzed previously in the literature review and those selected by the experts, corroborating that the variables studied can be grouped into five latent variables related to work content, working team, stimulation, working conditions and welfare conditions. From the previous results, we proceeded to verify the structure of the relationships between variables and dimensions and between them and the observed variable “general satisfaction”. Figure 2 shows the result of the analysis of the structural equation model obtained.

Figure 2. Results of the structural analysis.

As can be seen, the totality of the analyzed variables shows some degree of influence on general job satisfaction, resulting in a more pronounced influence on variables related to stimulation and work content, and to a lesser extent those related to working conditions.

Table 5 shows the adjustment indicators of the observed model, based on which it is possible to state that the relationships between the variables studied constitute a good model, based on verifying that the adjustment indicators satisfy the established parameters except for GFI (0.872) and RMSEA (0.082).

Table 5: Adjustment indicators of the model.

Indicator	Reached value	Evaluation
CMIN/DF	2.334	Good
Probability level	0.267	Significant
CFI	0.943	Great
GFI	0.771	Permissible
AGFI	0.845	Acceptable
RMSEA	0.082	Moderate
PCLOSE	0.080	Significant

Source: Outputs from IBM AMOS 23.

Note: The meaning of the acronyms of the indicators can be found in Table 3.

5. Discussion and Conclusions

The observed model was based on the variables substantiated in the literature related to the JS. Through this model, the multifactorial character of the JS as a construct is verified. Based on the above, it is considered that the results obtained correspond to the results of previous studies.

The variables of the JS studied correspond in general with those contemplated by Álvarez Santos (2016), Siengthai and Pila-Ngarm (2016) and are representative of the analyzed under a vision biased by the rest of the researchers considered in the review of the preceding literature.Both the results of the factorial analysis and those of the analysis of the structural equations model allowed to corroborate that in the JS there are five groups of variables, commonly addressed in the literature in a biased or isolated way.

The working conditions dimension is one of the most studied (Beehner and Blackwell, 2016; Consiglio, Borgogni, Di Tecco, and Schaufeli, 2016; Kim, Candido, Thomas, and de Dear, 2016), both regarding the ergonomics of the post and hygiene, and to a lesser extent, the aesthetics and material-technical supply. The group work dimension is also frequently approached and the results obtained are consistent with those presented by previous authors such as Chiang and Lin (2016), Edú-Valsania, Moriano and Molero (2016), Kanyurhi and Bugandwa Mungu Akonkwa (2016), Lee, Kim and Perdue (2016), and Kim, Knutson and Choi (2016).

Likewise, on the work content researchers like Hsu and Liao (2016) deepen in their studies, considering variables such as the variety of skills, personal autonomy, identity, social recognition, and feedback. Although to a lesser extent, it also coincides with the results of Baule and Soost (2016), Miller et al. (2016), specifically the hypothesis of Otto and Bolle (2016) and Oxley and Pandher (2016) on the inception of the perception of equity of the stimulation in the JS is corroborated. The hypothesis of Park et al. (2016) and Hu and Ho (2016) was also verified, regarding the incidence of welfare conditions in the JS. job satisfaction

Specifically, in the analysis developed through structural equation models to evaluate which variables influence the JS and in what form they do, the results found in this research coincide with those of Álvarez-García et al. (2016), finding incidence in the JS of the variables: Leadership, personal development, and material-technical assurance. However, this study does not contemplate the rest of the variables analyzed here. The results of Hsu and Liao (2016) are also closely related to the analysis of one of the dimensions that influence the JS, and within it the same variables; On the other hand, this author in his research considers the influence in the organizational commitment and of this one on the JS. About the research of Park et al. (2016) did not find similarities since the study above concentrates, essentially, on evaluating the influence of variables external to the organization but that can certainly impact the JS. job satisfaction

As a fundamental difference of the results of this research concerning the precedents, it can point out the integral evaluation of the influence of the different variables and dimensions of the JS, which have been investigated in a biased way or for very specific contexts. However, in this research it is possible to present and evaluate an integral vision of how the various variables analyzed in the literature affect the JS and in several organizational contexts, knowing through the model of structural equations the degree of incidence of variables and dimensions in the general JS.

The results obtained in this research are limited in the sense that it is not deepened in the incidence of variables external to the organization such as the living and family environment or the history prior to work in the organization as the origin of the workers, nor it is analyzed if there are variables related to demographic characteristics such as sex, age, seniority that could somehow mark differences in the JS. Similarly, it is not investigated to what extent the JS that is experienced in the entities subject to study affect the performance of workers or organizational results such as productivity, customer satisfaction, absenteeism, fluctuation, working day, commitment.

This research was developed under very specific conditions regarding control variables, and the results may not be extended to other contexts as organizations of recent creation or where systems of labor very different from those of the organizations where the study was carried out. Similar studies are recommended in the context of other countries to evaluate the consistency of the results found in the case of changes in study scenarios. In general, it can be concluded that the JS is the result of the interaction of multiple variables of different origins and peculiarities such as: the design of work content, working conditions, interpersonal relationships with peers in general and with the managers; in particular, the policies and methods of stimulation that are presented and with other actions that the organization can develop to promote well-being in the workers. Although it was not the objective of this investigation, it has been demonstrated in several previous types of research that the JS is closely related to the achievement of highly satisfactory results for the organization. Therefore, to make the entity satisfied, workers must be a priority for its managers and knowing what variables influence the JS will allow them to develop strategies to promote these achieve more significant result. job satisfaction

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